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折口信夫 / Nobuo Orikuchi
**「民俗学・国語学の草分け」**
折口信夫は、日本の民俗学者・国文学者・国語学者であり、釈迢空(しゃくちょうくう)と号した詩人・歌人の一人。彼の研究は、「折口学」と総称され、柳田國男の高弟として民俗学の基礎を築いた。彼の特徴的な名乗りは、彼自身の顔にある青痣(あざ)の形に由来する。
折口信夫は1887年2月11日、大阪府西成郡木津村(現:大阪市浪速区敷津西1丁目・鷗町公園)に生まれた。彼の祖父は、飛鳥坐神社の社家の出身であったが、養子であると言われている。1890年より木津幼稚園に通い、1892年には木津尋常小学校(現在の大阪市立敷津小学校)に入学した。
彼の成績はまずまずであったが、1901年に15歳になった折口は、作歌にも励んだ。『文庫』『新小説』に投稿した短歌一首ずつが入選するなど、才能を示すようになった。しかし、彼は中学の成績が下がり、1902年に自殺未遂を起こし、1903年にも再び自殺未遷となった。
折口は1904年3月に卒業試験で落第点を取り、原級にとどまった。この時の悲しさが彼に深く残り、彼は後年、教員になってからも、教え子に落第点は絶対につけなかったという。同じく、大和に3度旅行した際には、室生寺奥の院で自殺を図った若き日の釈契沖に共感し、死への誘惑に駆られた。
1905年3月、天王寺中学校を卒業し、医学を学ばせようとする家族の勧めに従って第三高等学校受験に出願する前夜に、にわかに進路を変えて上京した。彼は新設の國學院大學の予科に入学し、藤無染と同居する。この頃には約500首の短歌を詠んだ。
折口信夫は1910年7月に國學院大學国文科を卒業し、「言語情調論」を卒業論文として発表した。その後、彼は大阪に戻り、1911年10月に大阪府立今宮中学校の嘱託教員(国漢担当)となった。1912年8月には伊勢、熊野を巡る旅に出た。
彼は1913年12月「三郷巷談」を柳田國男主催の『郷土研究』に発表し、以後、柳田の知遇を得た。1914年3月、今宮中学校を退職し、上京した。折口を慕って上京した生徒達を抱え、高利貸の金まで借りるどん底の暮らしを経験したという。
1921年7月 - 9月に柳田國男から沖縄の話を聞き、最初の沖縄・壱岐旅行に出た。1922年1月には雑誌『白鳥』を創刊する。この年4月には國學院大學教授となり、穂積忠らを教えた。
Q:何をされた方ですか?
A:民俗学・国語学の草分けとして日本の文化研究に貢献したこと。
Q:有名な作品は何ですか?
A:『万葉集』全20巻(4516首)の口語訳上・中・下。
関連動画
・【"神”は外からやってくる折口信夫「まれびと」の正体】
・【日本の魂】ー折口信夫論
English Summary
**“Pioneering folklore and Japanese linguistics”**
Nobuo Orikuchi was a Japanese folklorist, Japanese literature scholar, and Japanese linguist, and one of the poets and poets who went by the name Shakuchoku. His research is collectively known as ``Orikuchi Studies,'' and as a senior disciple of Kunio Yanagida, he laid the foundations for folklore studies. His distinctive name comes from the shape of the birthmark on his face.
Nobuo Orikuchi was born on February 11, 1887 in Kizu Village, Nishinari District, Osaka Prefecture (currently Oshicho Park, Shikitsu Nishi 1-chome, Naniwa Ward, Osaka City). His grandfather was a family member of the Asukaza Shrine, but it is said that he was his adopted son. He attended Kizu Kindergarten in 1890, and entered Kizu General Elementary School (currently Osaka City Shikizu Elementary School) in 1892.
Although his grades were fair, Orikuchi, who turned 15 in 1901, also worked hard at composing songs. He began to show his talent, with each tanka he submitted to ``Bunko'' and ``Shin Novel'' selected for selection. However, his grades in junior high school declined, and he attempted suicide in 1902, and again in 1903.
Orikuchi received a failing grade on his graduation exam in March 1904, remaining at the gen-level level. The sadness of that moment remained with him deeply, and even after becoming a teacher in later years, he never gave a failing grade to his students. Similarly, during his three trips to Yamato, he sympathized with the young Shaki Oki, who attempted suicide in the Okunoin of Muroji Temple, and was tempted to die.
After graduating from Tennoji Junior High School in March 1905, he suddenly changed his career path and moved to Tokyo on the eve of applying for the Third High School entrance exam, following his family's recommendation that he study medicine. He enrolls in the preparatory course of the newly established Kokugakuin University and lives with Fujimuzen. Around this time, he had composed about 500 tanka poems.
Nobuo Orikuchi graduated from the Department of Japanese Literature at Kokugakuin University in July 1910 and published ``Linguistic Situation Theory'' as his graduation thesis. Afterwards, he returned to Osaka and became a contract teacher (Kokukan) at Osaka Prefectural Imamiya Junior High School in October 1911. In August 1912, he went on a trip to Ise and Kumano.
In December 1913, he published ``Misato Street Story'' in ``Kyodo Kenkyu'' hosted by Kunio Yanagita, and thereafter gained Yanagita's friendship. In March 1914, he retired from Imamiya Junior High School and moved to Tokyo. He had students who came to Tokyo because they adored Orikuchi, and he lived in the depths, even borrowing money from loan sharks.
From July to September 1921, he heard about Okinawa from Kunio Yanagida and went on his first trip to Okinawa and Iki. In January 1922, the magazine ``Swan'' was launched. In April of that year, he became a professor at Kokugakuin University, where he taught Tadashi Hozumi and others.
Q: What did you do?
Contributing to Japanese cultural research as a pioneer in folklore and Japanese linguistics.
Q: What are your famous works?
Colloquial translations of the 20 volumes (4516 poems) of Manyoshu (Volume 1, Middle, Volume 2).
Wikipedia:折口信夫
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